赵颖(1988-), 女, 江苏南京人, 博士, 助理研究员, 主要从事土壤氮素循环及其生态环境效应研究。E-mail:
为了解高碳氮比秸秆还田与肥料施用对金坛地区小麦产量和氮素利用的影响,通过设置大田试验,研究了稻秸还田与肥料施用对麦季土壤养分、微生物生物量、作物产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:稻秸还田配施肥料能够提高土壤速效养分含量。单施肥仅显著影响拔节期微生物生物量碳,单施稻秸显著影响拔节期和抽穗期微生物生物量氮,稻秸还田和肥料施用的交互作用在拔节期显著影响土壤微生物生物量和微生物熵。单施肥、稻秸配施肥料处理的氮肥表观利用率分别为31%和37%,稻秸配施肥料后的氮肥农学利用率和偏生产力表明每公斤纯氮增产幅度约为6.86 kg籽粒。单施肥和稻秸配施肥料显著增加了小麦每穗粒数及千粒重,并且理论产量分别增加211%和319%,实际产量则分别增加119%和231%,而单施稻秸处理的实产却减产21%。综合分析认为,稻秸还田搭配肥料施用,能够保证当季土壤有效氮供应,促进土壤有机质转化为更易被微生物利用的形态,提高养分有效性,促进小麦对氮素的吸收利用,有利于每穗粒数和千粒重的增加,从而最终提高小麦的产量。。
The rice-wheat rotation system in Jintan of Jiangsu Province was chosen to investigate the effects of rice straw returning combined with fertilizer application on soil nutrients, microbial biomass, crop yield and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat season via filed experiments. Results showed that the contents of soil available nutrients could be increased by rice straw returning combined with fertilization. The treatment of fertilization only significantly affected soil microbial biomass C at jointing stage, while rice straw incorporation notably influenced soil microbial biomass N at jointing and heading stages, and the interaction of rice straw returning and fertilization observably affected soil microbial biomass quotient at jointing stage. The nitrogen use efficiencies of fertilization and rice straw returning combined with fertilization treatments were 31% and 37%, respectively; while the nitrogen agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity showed that the yield increase per kilogram pure nitrogen was about 6.86 kg grain. The spikelets per panicle and 1 000-grain weight of fertilization and rice straw returning combined with fertilization treatments were significantly increased. The theoretical yields of these two treatments increased by 211% and 319%, respectively, while actual yields increased by 119% and 231%, respectively. However, the actual yield of rice straw returning decreased by 21%. Overall, rice straw returning to the field combined with fertilization can ensure the supply of soil available nitrogen, facilitate the transformation of soil organic matter into microbial available form, improve the nutrient availability, promote the absorption and utilization of nitrogen by wheat, and is to the benefit of spikelets per panicle and 1 000-grain weight increases, thus ultimately elevate wheat yield.
农业生态系统中,秸秆长期连续还田是一种具有多种生态效益的耕作管理方式,是维持土壤有机质含量、提高生物活性、改良土壤物理性状以及增加养分可利用性的有效手段[
国内外学者针对秸秆还田与土壤微生物、土壤养分的关系等方面进行了相关的研究,初步明确了秸秆还田对土壤肥力、作物产量和氮肥利用率的重要作用[
试验地点位于江苏省常州市金坛区薛埠镇罗村(31°39′45.85″N,119°24′15.06″E)。该区属北亚热带季风气候,年降水量1 063.5 mm,年均气温15.3 ℃。土壤基础理化性质:pH 5.58、碱解氮133.04 mg/kg、有效磷17.57 mg/kg、速效钾58.88 mg/kg、全氮1.23 g/kg、有机碳13.78 g/kg。
试验时间为2018年11月至2019年6月,小麦种植方式为机条播,水稻秸秆通过旋耕机作业还田,小麦品种为扬辐麦4号。试验共设4个大区,大区间以自然田埂或筑埂分隔,大区内播种小麦后再筑埂分隔为3块小区,每小区面积为300 ~ 500 m2。试验共设置4个处理,每处理3次重复,具体处理设置见
试验处理
Treatments of experiment
处理 | 处理描述 | 施肥量(kg/hm2) | 氮肥基追比例 | ||
N | P2O5 | K2O | |||
F0S0 | 不施肥、秸秆不还田 | - | - | - | - |
F0S1 | 不施肥、秸秆还田 | - | - | - | - |
F1S0 | 施肥、秸秆不还田 | 225 | 83.25 | 52.5 | 0.57:0.43 |
F1S1 | 施肥、秸秆还田 | 225 | 83.25 | 52.5 | 0.57:0.43 |
在小麦拔节期(2019年3月25日)、抽穗期(2019年4月25日)和收获后(2019年6月2日),分别采用五点取样法在各试验区采集0 ~ 20 cm的耕层土壤样品。所有土壤样品采集后,挑根、过2 mm筛并混匀,鲜样保存于4 ℃冰箱。土壤微生物生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)采用氯仿熏蒸-硫酸钾浸提法测定[
小麦收获后,各小区取样考种,调查有效穗数、实粒数和千粒重等产量构成指标,获得理论产量。每个试验区作物的实际产量按大区测定。
微生物熵为土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤有机碳的比值,即SMBC/SOC。
氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力的计算公式分别为:
氮肥表观利用率(%)=(施氮区吸氮量−无氮区吸氮量)/施氮量×100
氮肥农学利用率(kg/kg)=(施氮区产量−无氮区产量)/施氮量
氮肥偏生产力(kg/kg)=施氮区产量/施氮量
试验数据采用Excel 2016和SPSS 19.0进行处理与统计分析,图形绘制采用Origin 2018,显著性检验为Duncan检验。
稻秸还田与肥料施用对土壤化学性质的影响
Effects of rice straw returning and fertilizer application on soil chemical properties
生育期 | 处理 | 有机碳(g/kg) | 全氮(g/kg) | 碱解氮(mg/kg) | 有效磷(mg/kg) | 速效钾(mg/kg) |
注:表中同列数据小写字母不同表示每个生育期内各处理间差异显著( | ||||||
拔节期 | F0S0 | 14.65± 0.91 a | 1.69 ± 0.04 b | 59.53 ± 5.24 ab | 10.21 ± 1.10 c | 52.79 ± 1.73 b |
F0S1 | 14.55± 0.61 a | 1.74 ± 0.05 b | 53.53 ± 2.12 b | 12.07 ± 2.66 bc | 60.50 ± 3.90 a | |
F1S0 | 15.99± 0.80 a | 1.98 ± 0.07 a | 61.38 ± 9.59 ab | 15.25 ± 1.01 a | 51.23 ± 3.09 b | |
F1S1 | 15.61 ± 0.90 a | 1.63 ± 0.08 b | 67.38 ± 8.11 a | 14.60 ± 0.36 ab | 62.17 ± 1.04 a | |
抽穗期 | F0S0 | 13.69 ± 0.15 c | 1.61 ± 0.03 b | 46.15 ± 3.66 b | 8.33 ± 1.89 b | 23.23 ± 4.20 b |
F0S1 | 14.64 ± 0.36 b | 1.73 ± 0.20 b | 55.38 ± 8.11 ab | 11.84 ± 1.96 a | 48.14 ± 3.19 a | |
F1S0 | 16.37 ± 0.50 a | 1.97 ± 0.11 a | 60.46 ± 4.45 a | 13.45 ± 2.07 a | 22.32 ± 4.64 b | |
F1S1 | 16.05 ± 0.30 a | 1.82 ± 0.01 ab | 59.99 ± 4.15 a | 14.64 ± 1.35 a | 45.12 ± 6.57 a | |
成熟期 | F0S0 | 14.59 ± 0.35 b | 1.55 ± 0.00 c | 58.61 ± 3.66 b | 9.49 ± 1.83 b | 39.31 ± 2.26 c |
F0S1 | 15.34 ± 0.48 b | 1.62 ± 0.09 bc | 55.38 ± 6.24 b | 12.66 ± 2.25 ab | 51.63 ± 6.28 b | |
F1S0 | 17.02 ± 0.72 a | 1.87 ± 0.09 a | 66.92 ± 2.40 a | 17.47 ± 2.44 a | 56.63 ± 4.89 b | |
F1S1 | 16.45 ± 0.41 a | 1.76 ± 0.03 ab | 70.15 ± 0.80 a | 13.74 ± 3.45 ab | 70.29 ± 4.80 a |
对于土壤速效养分含量,3个生育时期内F1S0和F1S1处理相对于其他处理具有提高碱解氮含量的趋势,但二者之间的差异不显著。F0S0处理的有效磷含量在各生育期均最低,而F0S1、F1S0和F1S1处理在生育中后期互无显著差异。处理间拔节期和抽穗期的速效钾含量变化趋势表现为F0S1≈F1S1> F0S0≈F1S0,且抽穗期含量整体大于拔节期;在成熟期,F0S0处理的速效钾含量显著低于其他处理(
从
稻秸还田与肥料施用对土壤微生物生物量碳氮和微生物熵的影响
Effects of rice straw returning and fertilizer application on SMBC, SMBN and microbial quotient
稻秸还田(S)与肥料施用(F)对土壤微生物生物量碳氮和微生物熵影响的多因素方差分析结果
Univariate variance analysis of effects of rice straw returning (S) and fertilizer application (F) on SMBC, SMBN and microbial quotient
处理 | SMBN | SMBC | 土壤微生物熵 | ||||||||
拔节期 | 抽穗期 | 成熟期 | 拔节期 | 抽穗期 | 成熟期 | 拔节期 | 抽穗期 | 成熟期 | |||
注:NS表示影响不显著,*、** 分别表示影响达到 | |||||||||||
F | NS | NS | NS | ** | NS | NS | ** | NS | ** | ||
S | * | * | NS | NS | NS | NS | * | NS | NS | ||
F×S | ** | NS | NS | * | NS | NS | * | NS | NS |
与SMBN类似,小麦拔节期的SMBC含量低于抽穗期和成熟期,且成熟期各处理间的SMBC含量无显著差异(
稻秸还田与肥料施用对小麦产量构成因素的影响
Effects of rice straw returning and fertilizer application on yield components of wheat
处理 | 理论产量(kg/hm2) | 实际产量(kg/hm2) | 有效穗数(104/hm2) | 每穗粒数 | 千粒重(g) |
F0S0 | 1 125.79 ± 302.57 b | 1 381.21 | 400.20 ± 26.24 a | 7.88 ± 1.61 b | 35.41 ± 0.93 c |
F0S1 | 1 612.08 ± 45.17 b | 1 086.34 | 452.23 ± 62.26 a | 10.11 ± 0.75 b | 36.92 ± 2.53 bc |
F1S0 | 3 503.11 ± 657.63 a | 3 029.40 | 466.23 ± 82.07 a | 21.34 ± 2.57 a | 39.34 ± 1.24 ab |
F1S1 | 4 712.04 ± 1 192.07 a | 4 573.94 | 490.91 ± 49.39 a | 22.93 ± 4.17 a | 41.64 ± 1.67 a |
F0S1处理对小麦氮素积累无显著影响,而施肥条件下(F1S0和F1S1处理)小麦秸秆和籽粒氮素积累量有明显升高的趋势(
稻秸还田与肥料施用对成熟期小麦氮素积累量的影响
Effects of rice straw returning and fertilizer application on nitrogen accumulation of wheat stalk in maturity stage
秸秆是否还田对氮素利用率具有一定的影响(
稻秸还田与肥料施用对小麦氮肥利用率的影响
Effects of rice straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer application on nitrogen use efficiency of wheat
处理 | 氮肥表观利用率(%) | 氮肥农学利用率(kg/kg) | 氮肥偏生产力(kg/kg) |
F1S0 | 31 | 7.33 | 13.46 |
F1S1 | 37 | 14.19 | 20.33 |
秸秆还田是提升农田土壤肥力的重要措施,然而传统的秸秆全量还田通过将秸秆集中添加在耕作层的方式,会使氮素发生强烈的生物固持作用,使土壤有效氮含量降低,产生抑制作物出苗和成苗等负面影响[
土壤微生物是生态系统多种过程的重要参与者,包括分解过程[
氮素作为作物生长所必需的大量元素之一,其吸收利用影响着作物最终产量。已有研究表明,秸秆还田配施化肥后作物氮肥利用率显著提高[
为了进一步深入了解稻秸还田配施肥料对土壤养分和作物产量的影响及其机制,还应当进行更为长期的秸秆还田试验,并且从微生物学机理的角度来研究其产量增加机制也是有必要的。此外,利用同位素示踪技术结合大田试验来研究秸秆还田与肥料配施对土壤供氮和保氮能力以及氮素分配的影响,也有助于在深入了解其影响机制的条件下进行合理的肥料运筹。
1) 稻麦轮作系统中,短期稻秸还田对小麦并无增产效应,而稻秸还田配施肥料能够显著增加小麦产量。
2) 稻秸还田配施肥料对于提高土壤微生物生物量和土壤速效养分具有正向作用,缓解了稻秸还田条件下微生物与作物对有效态氮的争夺。
3) 稻秸还田配施肥料能够促进小麦对氮素的吸收利用,提高氮肥利用率,其氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力分别达到37%、14.19 kg/kg和20.33 kg/kg。
Puttaso A, Vityakon P, Saenjan P, et al. Relationship between residue quality, decomposition patterns, and soil organic matter accumulation in a tropical sandy soil after 13 years[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2011, 89(2): 159-174.
Yadvinder-Singh, Bijay-Singh, Ladha J K, et al. Effects of residue decomposition on productivity and soil fertility in rice-wheat rotation[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2004, 68(3): 854-864.
Dunn R M, Mikola J, Bol R, et al. Influence of microbial activity on plant-microbial competition for organic and inorganic nitrogen[J]. Plant and Soil, 2006, 289(1/2): 321-334.
Kuzyakov Y, Xu X L. Competition between roots and microorganisms for nitrogen: Mechanisms and ecological relevance[J]. The New Phytologist, 2013, 198(3): 656-669.
凌宁, 荀卫兵, 沈其荣. 根际沉积碳与秸秆碳共存下作物与微生物氮素竞争机制及其调控[J]. 南京农业大学学报, 2018, 41(4): 589-597.
Chen B Q, Liu E K, Tian Q Z, et al. Soil nitrogen dynamics and crop residues. A review[J]. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2014, 34(2): 429-442.
蔡祖聪, 颜晓元, 朱兆良. 立足于解决高投入条件下的氮污染问题[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20(1): 1-6.
Zhao X L, Yuan G Y, Wang H Y, et al. Effects of full straw incorporation on soil fertility and crop yield in rice-wheat rotation for silty clay loamy cropland[J]. Agronomy, 2019, 9(3): 133.
王宁, 于建光, 常志州, 等. 稻田土壤真菌群落多样性和组成对麦秸还田的响应[J]. 土壤, 2017, 49(6): 1115-1120.
Cao Y S, Tian Y H, Yin B, et al. Improving agronomic practices to reduce nitrate leaching from the rice-wheat rotation system[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2014, 195: 61-67.
Liang X Q, Xu L, Li H, et al. Influence of N fertilization rates, rainfall, and temperature on nitrate leaching from a rainfed winter wheat field in Taihu watershed[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 2011, 36(9/10/11): 395-400.
Vance E D, Brookes P C, Jenkinson D S. An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1987, 19(6): 703-707.
鲁如坤. 土壤农业化学分析方法[M]. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 2000.
张姗, 石祖梁, 杨四军, 等. 施氮和秸秆还田对晚播小麦养分平衡和产量的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26(9): 2714-2720.
裴鹏刚, 张均华, 朱练峰, 等. 秸秆还田耦合施氮水平对水稻光合特性、氮素吸收及产量形成的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2015, 29(3): 282-290.
赵鹏, 陈阜. 秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦氮效率和产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2008, 34(6): 1014-1018.
吴立鹏, 张士荣, 娄金华, 等. 秸秆还田与优化施氮对稻田土壤碳氮含量及产量的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2019, 34(4): 158-166.
Arcand M M, Knight J D, Farrell R E. Differentiating between the supply of N to wheat from above and belowground residues of preceding crops of pea and canola[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2014, 50(4): 563-570.
Riggs C E, Hobbie S E. Mechanisms driving the soil organic matter decomposition response to nitrogen enrichment in grassland soils[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2016, 99: 54-65.
Gessner M O, Swan C M, Dang C K, et al. Diversity meets decomposition[J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2010, 25(6): 372-380.
Perelo L W, Munch J C. Microbial immobilisation and turnover of 13C labelled substrates in two arable soils under field and laboratory conditions[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2005, 37(12): 2263-2272.
Manzoni S, Porporato A. Soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization: Theory and models across scales[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2009, 41(7): 1355-1379.
Rillig M C, Mummey D L. Mycorrhizas and soil structure[J]. The New Phytologist, 2006, 171(1): 41-53.
Ren F L, Sun N, Xu M, et al. Changes in soil microbial biomass with manure application in cropping systems: A meta-analysis[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2019, 194: 104291.
Anderson J P E, Domsch K H. Quantities of plant nutrients in the microbial biomass of selected soils[J]. Soil Science, 1980, 130(4): 211-216.
Bird J A, Horwath W R, Eagle A J, et al. Immobilization of fertilizer nitrogen in rice[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2001, 65(4): 1143-1152.
St Luce M, Whalen J K, Ziadi N, et al. Labile organic nitrogen transformations in clay and sandy-loam soils amended with 15N-labelled
马想, 黄晶, 赵惠丽, 等. 秸秆与氮肥不同配比对红壤微生物量碳氮的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(6): 1574-1580.
臧逸飞, 郝明德, 张丽琼, 等. 26年长期施肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮及土壤呼吸的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2015, 35(5): 1445-1451.
Sparling G P. Ratio of microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon as a sensitive indicator of changes in soil organic matter[J]. Soil Research, 1992, 30(2): 195.
Liang C, Schimel J P, Jastrow J D. The importance of anabolism in microbial control over soil carbon storage[J]. Nature Microbiology, 2017, 2: 17105.
唐海明, 李超, 肖小平, 等. 有机肥氮投入比例对双季稻田根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2019, 30(4): 1335-1343.
李娟, 赵秉强, 李秀英, 等. 长期有机无机肥料配施对土壤微生物学特性及土壤肥力的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41(1): 144-152.
严奉君, 孙永健, 马均, 等. 不同土壤肥力条件下麦秆还田与氮肥运筹对杂交稻氮素利用、产量及米质的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2015, 29(1): 56-64.
赵锋, 程建平, 张国忠, 等. 氮肥运筹和秸秆还田对直播稻氮素利用和产量的影响[J]. 湖北农业科学, 2011, 50(18): 3701-3704.
李贵桐, 赵紫娟, 黄元仿, 等. 秸秆还田对土壤氮素转化的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2002, 8(2): 162-167.
王改玲, 郝明德, 陈德立. 秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化及N2O排放的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12(6): 840-844.
Zhao Y, Zhang J B, Müller C, et al. Temporal variations of crop residue effects on soil N transformation depend on soil properties as well as residue qualities[J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2018, 54(5): 659-669.
张媛媛, 李建林, 王春宏, 等. 氮素和生物腐解剂调控下稻草还田对水稻氮素积累及产量的影响[J]. 土壤通报, 2012, 43(2): 435-438.