雷金银(1981—), 男, 宁夏西吉人, 博士, 副研究员, 主要从事土壤质量与农业生态环境构建等方面研究。E-mail:
为探明施肥措施对马铃薯淀粉加工废水灌溉后农田土壤肥力的影响,设置7个施肥处理:T1(CK),不施肥;T2,常规施肥;T3,优化施肥(减氮增磷);T4,优化施肥+增氧剂;T5,优化施肥70%+生物有机肥;T6,优化施肥70%+生物有机肥+增氧剂;T7,缓释肥(沃夫特26-10-12),取样并检测土壤养分指标及微生物数量。结果表明,与灌溉前相比,灌溉后种植前0~20 cm和20~50 cm土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾均激增,分别增加68.65%、70.73%,95.47%、86.41%,434.60%、931.05%和485.07%、580.31%,收获后不同施肥处理土壤养分均显著下降,且处理间差异显著。灌溉后种植前0~20 cm土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌分别增加10倍、50倍和1.5倍,微生物总量增加34倍,收获后T1中土壤真菌有所下降,其余施肥处理下土壤真菌显著增加,各施肥处理土壤细菌和微生物总量显著降低,放线菌显著增加。其中T5、T6细菌、放线菌和微生物总量最高,T4真菌最高。两种供试玉米品种株高和地上生物量在不同施肥措施下均由高到低为:T6>T5>T7>T3>T4>T2>T1。由此可知,马铃薯淀粉废水灌溉农田具有一定的肥效,且通过减施化肥,增施有机肥和增氧剂可有效促进马铃薯淀粉废水的肥效作用。
An experiment was conducted in 2017-2018 to explore the effects of potato starch processing wastewater irrigation on soil fertility characteristics, crop yield, and the regulatory effects of different fertilization on its fertilizer efficiency. 7 fertilization treatments were set: T1 (CK), no fertilization; T2, conventional fertilization; T3, optimized fertilization (reduced nitrogen and increased phosphorus); T4, optimized fertilization + oxygenator; T5, optimized fertilization 70% + bio-organic fertilizer; T6, optimized fertilization 70% + bio-organic fertilizer + oxygenator; T7, slow-release fertilizer (Wofte 26-10-12), soil nutrients and microbial counts were detected. The results showed that the contents of soil organic matter, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsurface soil (20-50 cm) were increased by 68.65% and 70.73%, 95.47% and 86.41%, 434.60% and 931.05%, 485.07% and 580.31% after 60 days irrigation and before planting compared to before irrigation. After harvest, soil nutrient contents were all decreased significantly and significantly different in different fertilizations. Meanwhile, fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes in topsoil were increased by 10, 50 and 1.5 times respectively, and total microbes increased by 34 times. Fungi was increased under different fertilization except T1, bacteria and total microbes were decreased, and actinomycetes was increased significantly after harvest. Among different fertilization, bacteria, actinomycetes and total microbes were highest under T5 and T6, and fungi was highest under T4. The height and aboveground biomass of both tested maize varieties were in the same sequence under different fertilization: T6>T5>T7>T3>T4>T2>T1. Hence, it can be concluded that potato starch processing wastewater has a certain fertilizer efficiency, and the fertilizer effect of potato starch wastewater can be effectively promoted by reducing the application of chemical fertilizer and increasing the application of organic fertilizer and oxygenator.
宁夏南部山区生态环境恶劣,干旱缺水是当地农业发展的最大限制因素[
试验地位于宁夏原州区西吉县将台乡火沟村,该区海拔1 830 ~ 2 052 m,年干燥度1.42,年均气温5.3 ℃,多年平均降雨量378 mm,无霜期123 d,≥10℃年活动积温1 928.4 ℃。土壤为黑垆土,种植前表层0 ~ 20 cm土壤肥力状况为有机质12.25 g/kg,碱解氮75 mg/kg,有效磷15.75 mg/kg,速效钾167.5 mg/kg。试验废水取自附近西吉万里马铃薯淀粉加工有限公司生产废水,废水基本成分见
马铃薯淀粉加工废水基本成分含量
Contents of basic components of potato starch processing wastewater
COD (g/L) | BOD5 (g/L) | 总磷(mg/L) | 硝态氮(mg/L) | 铵态氮(mg/L) | 悬浮物(g/L) | 蛋白质(g/100g) | 粗纤维(%) | 淀粉(g/100g) | pH |
33.86.9±3.00 | 11.64.0 ± 10.00 | 6.87 ± 0.80 | 156.50 ± 4.10 | 44.30 ± 3.90 | 2.01 ± 8.30 | 1.67 ± 0.04 | 1.05 ± 0.03 | 1.47 ± 0.12 | 4.46 ± 0.28 |
试验在种植前利用马铃薯淀粉加工废水灌溉一次,然后以废水灌溉农田为研究对象,采用完全随机试验设计,共设7个施肥处理:T1(CK),不施肥;T2,常规施肥;T3,优化施肥(减氮增磷);T4,优化施肥+增氧剂;T5,优化施肥70%+生物有机肥;T6,优化施肥70%+生物有机肥+增氧剂;T7,缓释肥(沃夫特26-10-12)。每个小区面积4 m × 10 m,重复3次。供试作物为青贮玉米,选用屯玉188和辽单565两个品种。于灌溉2个月后开展施肥、播种,所有肥料均在播种前一次性施入,各小区试验方案见
施肥方案(kg/hm2)
Fertilization program
处理 | 化肥纯养分 | 肥料施用量 | |||||||
N | P2O5 | K2O | 尿素 | 二铵 | 缓释肥 | 生物有机肥 | 增氧剂 | ||
T1(CK) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | |
T2 | 247.5 | 103.5 | 0 | 450 | 225 | - | - | - | |
T3 | 123 | 138 | 0 | 150 | 300 | - | - | - | |
T4 | 123 | 138 | 0 | 150 | 300 | - | - | 30 | |
T5 | 86.1 | 96.6 | 0 | 105 | 210 | - | 1 500 | - | |
T6 | 86.1 | 96.6 | 0 | 105 | 210 | - | 1 500 | 30 | |
T7 | 86.1 | 39.75 | 47.27 | - | - | 472.5 | - | - |
马铃薯淀粉加工废水COD、BOD5、pH、硝态氮、铵态氮、总磷、粗纤维、淀粉、蛋白质等测定参考文献[
土壤有机质测定采用K2Cr2O7容量法-外加热法;碱解氮测定采用碱解扩散法;有效磷测定采用NaHCO3浸提-分光光度计法;速效钾采用乙酸氨浸提-火焰光度计法[
在播种前和收获后采集各处理土壤,主要测定表层0 ~ 20 cm土壤微生物区系组成。细菌、真菌和放线菌采用平板培养计数法测定,培养基分别用牛肉膏蛋白胨琼脂、PDA和改良高氏1号琼脂培养基[
株高标记测定,生物量采用样方法测定。
应用Excel 2007进行数据处理和作图,Minitab 17.0进行ANOVA统计分析和LSD法均值两两比较分析。
马铃薯淀粉加工废水灌溉农田极显著地增加了土壤有机质含量(
马铃薯淀粉加工废水灌溉前后土壤养分特征变化
Soil nutrient contents before and after potato starch processing wastewater irrigation
处理 | 土层(cm) | 有机质(g/kg) | 碱解氮(mg/kg) | 有效磷(mg/kg) | 速效钾(mg/kg) | |
注:表中大写字母不同表示同一土层不同处理间差异达 |
||||||
播种前 | 废水灌溉前 | 0 ~ 20 | 12.25 ± 0.92 C | 75 ± 2.24 B | 15.75 ± 0.58 D | 167.5 ±7.68 D |
20 ~ 50 | 9.36 ± 0.32 D | 51.5 ± 1.54 B | 3.8 ± 0.28 G | 127 ± 4.21 G | ||
废水灌溉后60 d | 0 ~ 20 | 20.66 ± 3.91 A | 146.6 ± 8.71 A | 84.2 ± 3.28 A | 980 ± 34.12 A | |
20 ~ 50 | 15.98 ± 1.68 A | 96 ± 6.93 A | 39.18 ± 2.43 CD | 864 ± 20.88 A | ||
收获后 | T1 | 0 ~ 20 | 14.35 ± 0.71 BC | 4.6 ± 0.26 G | 22.34 ± 0.19 CD | 588.06 ± 8.68 C |
20 ~ 50 | 12.38 ± 0.83 BC | 2.01 ± 0.13 G | 15.68 ± 0.39 F | 539.14 ± 7.67 F | ||
T2 | 0 ~ 20 | 12.69 ± 0.74 C | 34.52 ± 1.48 E | 66.32 ± 3.55 A | 636.98 ± 29.52 C | |
20 ~ 50 | 12.67 ± 0.91 C | 22.32 ± 1.99 C | 25.93 ± 2.75 E | 576.43 ± 10.51 E | ||
T3 | 0 ~ 20 | 14.24 ± 0.91 BC | 30.47 ± 2.19 E | 55.13 ± 2.94 AB | 783.75 ± 17.19 B | |
20 ~ 50 | 14.75 ± 0.98 AB | 15.25 ± 0.55 E | 56.50 ± 2.30 B | 685.91 ± 5.95 D | ||
T4 | 0 ~ 20 | 12.61 ± 1.27 C | 57.82 ± 2.78 C | 56.67 ± 2.22 AB | 734.83 ± 9.90 B | |
20 ~ 50 | 14.58 ± 0.57 AB | 25.16 ± 1.54 C | 41.13 ± 2.10 C | 881.59 ± 10.49 A | ||
T5 | 0 ~ 20 | 13.90 ± 0.64 BC | 19.62 ± 1.50 F | 43.01 ± 2.38 B | 636.98 ± 39.67 C | |
20 ~ 50 | 8.58 ± 0.82 D | 7.1 ± 0.82 F | 14.91 ± 1.19 F | 759.29 ± 27.49 C | ||
T6 | 0 ~ 20 | 14.33 ± 1.00 BC | 53.52 ± 3.44 C | 38.91 ± 2.01 BC | 588.06 ± 19.72 C | |
20 ~ 50 | 14.36 ± 0.72 ABC | 50 ± 1.60 B | 36.35 ± 3.70 D | 734.83 ± 17.11 C | ||
T7 | 0 ~ 20 | 15.07 ± 1.16 B | 44.63 ± 2.44 D | 72.30 ± 4.69 A | 808.21 ± 24.38 B | |
20 ~ 50 | 15.04 ± 1.03 A | 19.78 ± 1.47 D | 63.16 ± 3.25 A | 832.67 ± 16.90 B | ||
DF | 0 ~ 20 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | |
20 ~ 50 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | ||
SS | 0 ~ 20 | 152.44 | 41 081.3 | 10 300 | 1 129 702 | |
20 ~ 50 | 178.97 | 20 671.0 | 9 322.09 | 1 284 732 | ||
MS | 0 ~ 20 | 19.05 | 5 135.16 | 1 287.49 | 141 213 | |
20 ~ 50 | 22.37 | 2 583.87 | 1 165.26 | 160 591 | ||
0 ~ 20 | 20.73 | 1 120.68 | 18.23 | 177.9 | ||
20 ~ 50 | 30.55 | 1 575.11 | 236.11 | 864.13 | ||
0 ~ 20 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
20 ~ 50 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
马铃薯淀粉加工废水灌溉农田极显著地增加土壤碱解氮含量(
马铃薯淀粉加工废水灌溉农田极显著地增加土壤有效磷含量(
马铃薯淀粉加工废水灌溉农田极显著地增加土壤速效钾含量(
由
马铃薯淀粉加工废水灌溉前后表层0 ~ 20 cm土壤微生物区系及其数量特征变化
Soil microbial flora and population in topsoil (0-20 cm) before and after potato starch processing wastewater irrigation
处理 | 真菌 (103 cfu/g) | 细菌 (105 cfu/g) | 放线菌 (104 cfu/g) | 微生物总量 (105 cfu/g) | |
播种前 | 废水灌溉前 | 4.92 G | 2.65 G | 5.3 G | 3.23 I |
废水灌溉后60 d | 44.70 F | 102.12 A | 7.71 F | 103.34 A | |
收获后 | T1 | 44.31 F | 15.04 F | 21.95 C | 17.68 H |
T2 | 48.48 E | 25.45 D | 8.48 F | 26.78 F | |
T3 | 68.70 B | 33.33 C | 15.69 E | 35.59 D | |
T4 | 94.28 A | 26.43 D | 18.54 D | 29.23 E | |
T5 | 64.66 C | 34.94 C | 24.10 B | 38.00 C | |
T6 | 71.54 B | 41.06 B | 26.83 A | 44.46 B | |
T7 | 54.36 D | 22.08 E | 15.24 E | 24.15 G | |
DF | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | |
SS | 14 415.8 | 18 976.9 | 1 410.05 | 18 922.8 | |
MS | 1 801.98 | 2 372.11 | 176.26 | 2 365.35 | |
876.94 | 1 528.46 | 129.15 | 1 492.04 | ||
0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
废水灌溉农田后,不同施肥处理对玉米生长发育影响显著(
不同施肥处理对玉米株高的影响
Cron heights under different fertilization
废水灌溉农田后,不同施肥处理对玉米地上生物量影响显著(
不同施肥处理对玉米地上生物量的影响
Cron aboveground biomass under different fertilization
最早开始废水处理的技术就是应用废水灌溉土地,究其原因主要是:①废水还田处理成本低,简单易行;②废水中含有丰富的营养元素,可当做“肥水”补充植物生长必需的养分,避免随意排放导致的环境污染和资源浪费问题;③利用废水灌溉解决水资源短缺的问题。废水灌溉能够提供植物生长必需的营养元素,提高土壤养分含量。Castro等[
废水灌溉农田带入大量的碳、氮有机物质,为促进微生物的迅速生长和繁殖提供了可利用的碳源、氮源,同时土壤微生物又是促进有机物质分解、养分循环的主要源动力。郭晓明等[
废水灌溉通过增加土壤养分、微生物特征,从而对作物生长和产量具有明显的促进作用。Daneshvar等[
综上所述,马铃薯淀粉加工废水具有较高的营养成分,可以当作污水灌溉的一种资源进行农田利用。但是,单纯的废水灌溉带入的肥效不稳定,容易出现脱肥造成减产。因此,废水灌溉农田要有配套的合理施肥管理策略,从而保证废水灌溉农田的土壤养分平衡稳定,增加土壤微生物活性,促进作物生长发育。本试验结果表明,减施化肥、增施生物有机肥和配施增氧剂对于玉米的生长发育和生物量均具有显著效果。为进一步摸清废水灌溉对土壤养分的影响机理与农田环境质量“预警”研究,尚需进一步开展不同施肥条件下土壤对不同浓度灌溉废水有机物质的消纳、转化能力及其分解途径的研究。
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