Microbial remediation of soil is an important component of the soil environmental biological remediation technology, and a new biological technique with high potential for development and application in environment protection. A comprehensive review is presented of current researches on and development of microbial remediation of soils contaminated with typical pollutants at home and abroad, based on interaction between soil microorganisms and pollutants. Directed at new characteristics of the soil pollution in China, some new phenomena and new problems in microbial remediation are discussed in order to enrich and develop the category and connotation of microbial remediation of polluted soils.