Based on precipitation data, soil type data, digital elevation model data (DEM), and vegetation coverage index (NDVI), this study analyzes rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), terrain factors (D), and vegetation coverage factors (C) and soil and water conservation measure factors (P), use the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to study the temporal and spatial distribution pattern of soil erosion in the Shanxi section of the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2020, and identify the location characteristics of high erosion intensity areas; and A quantitative attribution study using the geographical detector model to reveal the main causes that affect soil erosion intensity distribution patterns and coupling relationships between factors. The results show that: (1) During 2000—2020, soil erosion in Shanxi section of the Yellow River Basin showed a weakening trend, which declined from 31.29 t/(hm2·a) in 2000 to 25.67 t/(hm2·a) in 2020 and showed spatial differentiation characteristics of weak in the southeast and strong in the northwest; (2) Cultural vegetation is the main vegetation type that affects soil erosion. The land use/cover type of grassland or unused land, the altitude of 639~932 m, the slope of 5°~8°, and the vegetation coverage of 30%~45% are the main source of soil erosion; (3) Among the multiple factors that drive the formation of soil erosion patterns in the Shanxi section of the Yellow River Basin, vegetation coverage always plays a leading role; the interaction and synergy between the two factors manifests as double—factor enhancement or nonlinear enhancement, with vegetation coverage and slope having the largest interaction. Therefore, when carrying out soil erosion prevention and ecological protection and restoration in the Shanxi section of the Yellow River Basin, priority should be given to areas with vegetation coverage of 30%~45% and slopes of 5°~8°.