Fungi exhibit a high capability to degrade straw lignocellulose. However, impacts of composted-straw under inoculation of fungi on soil fertility and microbial community structure remains unclear. A pot experiment with four treatments was conducted to investigate the effects of differently pre-treated straws on wheat yield, soil physical and chemical properties, as well as microbial community structure, composition, and abundance. The four treatments were: no exogenous straw addition (CK); addition of maize straw (S); addition of composted maize straw under no fungi inoculation (SC); addition of composted maize straw under inoculation of Phanerodontia chrysosporium and Aspergillus niger (SCPA). The results showed that: compared to the CK treatment, S, SC and SCPA treatments significantly reduced the soil concentration of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), and increased the soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and total carbon (TC) content. The SCPA treatment had the highest MBN content, which was equivalent to an increase in soil nitrogen assimilation of 39.6 kg N hm-2 compared to the CK treatment. SCPA treatment significantly increased wheat yield by 12.7% compared to the CK treatment. The addition of organic materials significantly changed the soil bacterial and fungal community structure, and the SCPA treatment significantly increased the absolute abundance of Hypocreales in the soil. The analysis of Mantel test revealed that soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and NO3--N are primary factors regulating the composition of soil bacterial microbial communities, whereas soil organic carbon (SOC) and pH primarily regulate the composition of soil fungal microbial communities. Our research results demonstrated that composted maize straw under inoculation of Phanerodontia chrysosporium and Aspergillus niger significantly increased wheat yield and MBN content, improved soil nitrogen retention, and affected soil microbial habitat. The results provided evidences that composted straw under inoculation of fungi would benefit soil health, increase N retention and increase wheat yield.