Potassium demand is high in the middle stage of wheat growth, and foliar application of potassium can effectively relieve soil potassium deficiency. In this study, wheat (Tainong 108) was used as the test crop, and two consecutive field experiments were conducted from 2021 to 2023. In a completely random block design, five treatments were applied: water (CK), sorbitol (S), potassium chloride (MK), sorbitol mixed potassium chloride (S+K), and sorbitol-chelated potassium chloride (SK). On the basis of conventional fertilization, potassium uptake and utilization of wheat after flowering under different spraying treatments were investigated. The results showed that foliar potassium fertilization remarkably increased wheat yield and thousand grain weight. Among the treatments, SK treatment contributes to an increase by 34.9% and 33.3% respectively, compared with CK treatment. In terms of potassium uptake by wheat plants, the potassium content in roots, stems, leaves, and spikes of the SK treatment was higher than those applying the other four treatments（CK、S、MK、S+K）at maturity, resulting in an increase of accumulated potassium in the whole plant by 48.3%,58.1%,34.2% and 48.3%, respectively. Regarding soil enzyme activity, the SK treatment dramatically activates peroxidase and sucrase in the milk filling stage and end of milk filling stage, as well as urease and acid phosphatase activities in the maturity stage, with great differences among treatments. In terms of wheat root zone microbiome abundance, the SK treatment enhanced the relative abundance of the phylum Actinobacteriota, with significant enrichment of the bacteria p__Actinobacteriota. Correlation analysis indicates a significant correlation between wheat yield and bacteria p__Actinobacteriota. In conclusion, foliar application of sorbitol chelated potassium after wheat flowering can promote the comprehensive availability of potassium, thereby significantly increasing wheat yield.