Effective conservation and utilization of black soil resources is an inevitable requirement for ensuring global food security and realizing sustainable agricultural development. This paper takes the black soil resources of China and Argentina as the research object, compares and analyzes the distribution of black soil, the degradation of black soil, the agricultural utilization of land use, agrochemicals, and agricultural mechanization in the two countries, systematically sorts out the relevant technical models and management policies of black soil conservation and utilization in the two countries, and puts forward the prospect of black soil conservation and sustainable utilization. Both China and Argentina have adopt conservation tillage practices in the protection and utilization of black soils, actively engaged in agricultural science and technology innovation and have achieved notable progress. China focuses on the technology model of comprehensive integration of multiple conservation tillage techniques and has introduced a series of laws and regulations on black soil conservation. While Argentina focuses on no-tillage technique, practicing diversified crop rotation. The two countries have their own characteristics, which provide multiple reference examples for global black soil conservation and sustainable utilization. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen international exchanges and cooperation in the conservation and utilization of black soil between the two countries and even the world, strengthen the construction of technology research and development and application system, increase scientific and technological innovation and policy support, realize the complementary advantages of black soil conservation in different countries and regions, and promote and realize the conservation and sustainable utilization of global black soil resources.