This study investigated the pollution characteristics, ecological-health risks, and sources of heavy metal mercury (Hg) in paddy and cotton fields in Midong District, Urumqi, Xinjiang, by collecting 90 surface soil samples. A comprehensive analysis was conducted using the Single Factor Pollution Index Method, Nemerow Comprehensive Pollution Index, Potential Ecological Risk Index (Er), and the USEPA Health Risk Assessment Model. Key findings include: （1）The average Er values for Hg in cotton and paddy fields were 2.06 and 2.85, respectively, indicating mild pollution. The comprehensive potential ecological risk indices were 80.56 (low risk) and 145.32 (moderate risk), respectively.（2）Source analysis revealed that Hg pollution primarily originated from industrial emissions and traffic activities.（3）Health risk assessment showed that all hazard index (HI) values were below 1, with oral ingestion being the dominant exposure pathway.（4）Monte Carlo simulation indicated that children faced significantly higher non-carcinogenic health risks than adults. The study concludes that while current health risks are controllable, paddy fields exhibit higher comprehensive risks, necessitating enhanced pollution monitoring and early warning measures to safeguard regional ecological security and public health.