To investigate the effects of vegetation restoration on soil physicochemical properties and soil erodibility in arid desert regions, this study focused on the main plant communities (Corethrodendron scoparium community, Calligonum mongolicum community, and their mixed community) in the 1992 aerial seeding afforestation area on the northeastern edge of the Tengger Desert. The changes in soil texture, organic matter, and salinity after aerial seeding afforestation were analyzed. Based on the RWEQ model, the variation characteristics of soil erodibility and its correlations with environmental factors were studied. The results show that: 1) With vegetation restoration, the proportion of clay and silt in the soil increased, while sand content decreased. Additionally, soil organic matter and calcium carbonate content increased significantly. Among them, the Corethrodendron scoparium community plot exhibited the highest increase rates of clay and organic matter contents, which were 212.70% and 114.66% higher than those of the bare sandy land, respectively. The mixed plot of Calligonum mongolicum and Corethrodendron scoparium had the highest calcium carbonate content, increasing by 141% compared with the bare sandy land. 2) Soil erodibility K value decreased significantly with vegetation restoration. The soil erodibility K values of the four plant communities ranged from 1.849 to 4.672. Among them, the Calligonum mongolicum community had the lowest K value, which was 56.29% lower than that of the bare sandy land. 3) Pearson correlation analysis showed that soil mechanical composition and calcium carbonate content were positively correlated with organic matter content, and clay content was significantly positively correlated with shrub height and vegetation coverage ( P < 0.05 ). This study quantified the variation of soil erodibility after aerial seeding afforestation in arid desert areas, and provided a scientific basis for the evaluation and management of ecological restoration in arid areas.