Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, enhancing plant nutrient and water uptake, and improving plant stress resistance. However, the distribution characteristics and driving factors of AMF communities in black soil across large spatial scales remain unclear. Herein, we collected soil samples from 52 maize field sites in the Northeast China black soil region. We utilized Illumina MiSeq sequencing and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis to investigate the spatial distribution patterns of AMF diversity, community composition, and biomass. Results revealed that Paraglomeraceae was the dominant AMF family, and its relative abundance exhibited a highly significant positive correlation with both latitude and longitude. In contrast, AMF phylogenetic diversity and biomass increased significantly with latitude, accompanied by notable shifts in community composition, while no significant longitudinal trends were observed. AMF community composition was primarily shaped by soil pH and mean annual temperature, with significant contributions from aridity index, soil available phosphorus, organic carbon, and spatial factors. AMF diversity decreased significantly with increasing soil available phosphorus and aridity index. Meanwhile, AMF biomass increased significantly with higher soil pH and organic carbon content, which accounted for 36.9% and 20.9% of the variation, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a clear latitudinal distribution pattern of AMF communities in the black soil region and highlights that distinct environmental factors shape AMF diversity, community composition, and biomass. These findings provide important scientific insights for conserving soil biodiversity and enhancing ecological functioning in the black soil ecosystems of Northeast China.