To investigate the effects of Morchella cultivation on soil along vertical and temporal gradients, providing scientific guidance for its rational cultivation. Soil samples were collected pre sowing phase of Morchella and during its mycelium colonization phase, primordium formation phase, and fruiting body development phase. Soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and microbial-biomass elements were determined by potassium-dichromate oxidation, Kjeldahl digestion, colorimetry, and flow-injection analysis to track changes in soil indicators throughout Morchella cultivation. The results show: During different growth stages of Morchella cultivation, key soil nutrient contents such as organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus decreased with increasing soil depth. Throughout the cultivation process, organic matter, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in each soil layer first increased, then decreased, and then increased again; available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and readily available potassium generally showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing; alkaline phosphatase activity showed an increasing trend; microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) generally increased first and then decreased. PCA analysis revealed that the 0-20 cm soil layer had the richest soil components and was the most critical zone utilized by Morchella. Soil nutrients were positively correlated with soil microorganisms and enzyme activities, while there was a negative correlation between soil microorganisms and enzyme activities. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, two-way analysis indicated that soil was most affected by time, followed by soil depth. Correlation analysis showed that alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly positively correlated with the Morchella cultivation process, while urease and catalase activities were significantly negatively correlated. Morel cultivation predominantly affects and exploits the 0-20 cm soil layer; supplementing this zone with moderate amounts of organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus during primordium formation promotes morel growth.