In this study, soil column experiments, including uncompacted, light compacted, moderate compacted, heavy compacted, were conducted to investigate the impact of compaction degree on the vertical distribution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) content and spectral characteristics based on multispectral technology and statistical analysis methods. The results show that light and moderate compaction had no significant effect on plant growth. However, heavy compaction significantly reduced plant height, stem diameter, and above-ground dry matter yield by 9.88%, 21.81%, and 33.15% respectively. Moderate and heavy compaction significantly increased surface soil SOC content (increased by 14.15% and 16.36%, respectively), but markedly decreased surface soil DOC content (decreased by 11.75% and 21.51%, respectively). Furthermore, the concentrations of SOC and DOC in all treatments decreased with the increase of soil depth; Two terrestrial-derived (Ex/Em=390 nm/456 nm, C1; Ex/Em=350 nm/401 nm, C2) and one soil-derived (Ex/Em=465 nm/510 nm, C3) humic-like components were identified in soil DOM, and they had the same origins. Compaction significantly reduced the humification degree of soil DOM, while heavy compaction significantly increased the aromaticity, hydrophobicity, and molecular weight of surface soil DOM, but remarkably decreased soil CDOM content. The aromaticity, hydrophobicity, and molecular weight of soil DOM increased with depth, whereas the humification degree decreased with depth. These findings provide crucial theoretical support for mitigating the adverse effects of soil compaction.