In order to study the effects of organic materials (humic acid, organic fertilizer) and inorganic materials (chemical fertilizer, lime) on the improvement of fertility of reclaimed farmland and the yield of corn and rapeseed rotation. Taking reclaimed red soil farmland as the research object, this study analyzed the effects of different treatments, including chemical fertilizer (F), chemical fertilizer + humic acid (FH), chemical fertilizer + humic acid + lime (FHL), chemical fertilizer + humic acid + organic fertilizer (FHM), and chemical fertilizer + humic acid + organic fertilizer + lime (FHML), on crop yield, soil aggregate components and fertility indicators. Compared with the F treatment, the combination of inorganic and organic materials can increase the yields of rape and corn (the yields of rape and corn increased by 14.69% to 29.86% and 7.98% to 32.45%, respectively). The application of lime or organic fertilizer on the basis of the FH treatment can further increase the crop yields. Among them, the FHML treatment had the highest yields of rape and corn, which were 22.66% and 13.22% higher than those of the FH treatment, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the yields of rape and corn between the FHML treatment and the FHM treatment.The application of lime or organic fertilizer on the basis of FH significantly changed the aggregate components. Compared with the FH treatment, the FHL treatment saw a significant decrease of 44.17% and 8.40% in the >2 mm and 0.25-2 mm size fractions of aggregates, respectively, while the <0.053 mm size fraction of aggregates increased significantly by 78.53%. In the FHML treatment, the 0.25-2 mm size fraction of aggregates increased by 14.20% compared with the FH treatment.The application of lime or organic fertilizer in the FH treatment also significantly affects the soil fertility indicators. The soil pH of the FHL and FHML treatments was significantly increased by 1.41 to 1.55 units compared to the FH treatment, and the exchangeable acid content was also significantly reduced. The soil organic matter of the FHM and FHML treatments was increased by 9.54% and 10.62% respectively compared to the FH treatment, the soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen increased by 7.63% and 8.96% respectively, and the soil available phosphorus increased by 58.49% and 48.73% respectively. However, the soil available potassium of the FHL, FHM and FHML treatments was significantly lower than that of the FH treatment (P < 0.05).Further analysis using random forest revealed that soil pH and available potassium were the main factors regulating the yields of rapeseed and corn on reclaimed red soil farmland (P < 0.05). Therefore, on reclaimed red soil farmland, it is recommended to apply inorganic materials (fertilizers, lime) and organic materials (humic acid, organic fertilizers) in combination to enhance the buffering capacity of soil acidification and improve nutrient availability, thereby achieving high yields of rapeseed and corn.