To provide reliable data for improving the carbon sequestration potential of oasis soil in Tarim River Basin and promoting the sustainable utilization of soil resources, the characteristics, sources and main control elements of the soil organic carbon in the study area were analyzed by means of mathematical statistics, geostatistics and correlation analysis. The results show that (1) the mean organic carbon content of the surface soil in the study area was 4.47 g kg-1, and the mean organic carbon density of the soil was 2.0 kg m-2, with both coefficients of variation being greater than 60%, revealing large spatial distribution heterogeneity; (2) Soil organic carbon has low value in the middle of the study area and high value in the southeast and northwest. From 2009 to 2019, the difference range of organic carbon content in soil was -17.78 to 14.21 gkg-1, and the mean value was -4.39 gkg-1, showing an overall trend of decreasing soil organic matter content; (3) The organic carbon in the soil in the study area mainly comes from the plant primary productivity enhanced by the use of nitrogen, phosphorus and other fertilizers in the agricultural production process, and the soil parent material is a secondary source of soil organic carbon; and (4) Soil organic carbon shows obvious "surface aggregation phenomenon", which is positively correlated with soil texture and total salt content, and negatively correlated with pH value. The cultivated soil has the highest organic carbon content and the lowest in the wasteland; the tidal soil has the highest organic carbon content and the lowest in the windy soil.