To clarify the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of soil erosion and conservation capacity in the Liaodong region, this study, based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), calculated the soil erosion modulus and soil conservation amount for the years 2002, 2007, 2012, 2017, and 2022 in the Liaodong region. The spatiotemporal evolution characteristics were analyzed, and a geodetector was used to quantify the explanatory power of different influencing factors on the spatial differentiation of soil conservation intensity. The results indicate that soil erosion intensity in the Liaodong region is primarily mild or slight, while moderate and higher levels of erosion are mainly distributed in the central area. The soil conservation amount initially increased and then decreased, with high conservation intensity areas also concentrated in the central region. Elevation (q=0.2513), rainfall (q=0.1958), and NDVI (q=0.1817) are the main driving factors for the spatial differentiation of soil conservation intensity. Among these, the interaction between rainfall and elevation has the strongest explanatory power (q=0.3987). It is recommended that future efforts focus on strengthening soil and water management and ecological protection measures in the central and high-altitude areas of Liaodong.