To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of different organic materials on the phosphorus forms, component characteristics, and phosphorus availability in meadow saline soil, this study selected the meadow saline soil in Qianguo, Songyuan as the test object and conducted a field experiment. Six treatments were set up, including kitchen waste bio - charcoal (CYC), humic acid (HA), chicken manure organic fertilizer (JFM), mushroom residue (JZ), coal gasification slag (MQ), and a blank control (CK). The study explored the effects of organic materials on soil total phosphorus, organic phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus, available phosphorus, and different active phosphorus pools, and analyzed the relationship between phosphorus adsorption - desorption and various phosphorus components. The results indicate that the application of organic materials can effectively increase the content of various phosphorus components in meadow saline soil. In 2025, the increase range of organic materials on soil total phosphorus, active phosphorus, and stable phosphorus components was 2.30% - 52.32%, while the increase range on soil adsorbed phosphorus and desorbed phosphorus was 0.71% - 27.67%. In 2026, the improvement effect on each form of phosphorus components was further enhanced compared with that in 2025. The increase range of various phosphorus components reached 11.09% - 191.13%, and the increase range of adsorbed phosphorus and desorbed phosphorus was 8.94% - 41.01%. There is a significant positive correlation among different forms of phosphorus components in the soil. Various active phosphorus and stable phosphorus can be transformed into each other to maintain the dynamic balance of the soil phosphorus pool.The application of organic materials can significantly increase the content of various forms of phosphorus in meadow saline soil, optimize the structure of phosphorus components, and enhance the adsorption, desorption, and retention capacity of phosphorus. Humic acid exhibits the best overall improvement effect, followed by chicken manure organic fertilizer and kitchen waste bio - charcoal. By optimizing the morphological composition and adsorption - desorption characteristics of phosphorus, humic acid can effectively improve the supply and retention capacity of phosphorus in meadow saline soil, providing a feasible regulatory approach for enhancing the availability of soil phosphorus.