To study the effects of different patterns of fertilization on rice production and nutrient use, a 26y long-term field experiment was conducted at the Jiangxi Institute of Red Soil. The results showed chemical fertilizers affected the contents of available nutrients more significantly than soil SOC. The combination of chemical and organic fertilizers increased SOC significantly. N and P contents in grains, which were 56%-73% and 65%－85% respectively, were higher than in straw and roots. K content was higher in straw (49%－60%). Rice productivity increased gradually with the increase of NPK combination application, especially under the combination of chemical and organic fertilizers. The highest productivity of rice occurred in the NPK+OM treatment, followed by the 2NPK and NPK treatments, which were 73.4%, 59.5% and 35.2% higher than CK respectively. The aboveground and underground biomasses were significantly and positively correlated to rice yield. The result suggested that N, P and K combined fertilization could improve the utilizing rate of fertilizers. Soil properties could affect significantly rice grains, straw and roots, and the total biomasses of rice were significantly and positively correlated to the contents of soil total and available P and available N (r = 0.89, 0.98 and 0.95).