The rainy area of western China is located in the transition zone of Sichuan Basin and Tibetan Plateau. It is an important ecological barrier of the Yangtze River Basin and also a key region for the project of returning farmland into forest. Six vegetation types, such as Alnus cremastogyne stand(AC), Neosinocalamus affinis stand(NA), Cryptomeria fortunei stand(CF), Metasequoia glyptostroboides stand(MG), secondary forest(SF) and sward were investigated in order to understand the effect of vegetation restoration on soil by 30 years. Soil samples of each type of vegetation were collected and analyzed. Results showed as follows: In different vegetation types, contents of soil nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) were different, and significant differences were observed in topsoil (0?–?20cm), the contents of both total N (TN) and total P (TP) showed the trend as AC > NA > CF > MG > SF ≈ GL. Sum of contents of available N (AN), available P (AP) and available K (AK) showed the trend as AC > SF ≈ MG > CF > NA > GL. The contents of N, P and K in forest soils were higher than those in sward soils. Among them, contents of TN, TP and AN, AP, AK in the topsoil of AC were 1.80 g/kg, 7.94 g/kg, 73.15 mg/kg, 64.97 mg/kg and 183.45 mg/kg, respectively, higher than those of other forest lands. Soil organic matter (SOM) and TN storages showed a similar trend in the topsoil and profiles as AC > NA > CF > MG > GL> SF. TP storage was slightly different, but which in AC and NA still were the highest and in SF was still the lowest. In all woodland, SOC concentration and soil organic carbon density (SCD) showed obvious surface aggregation, but no obvious change in the vertical profile. Similar change trend of SCD was observed in topsoil and whole profile which was AC > CF > NA > GL > MG > SF. On the whole, in the purple soil region, vegetation type and soil parent material were two major factors on formation and development of soil fertility. It indicated that soil fertility and carbon fixation of AC forest were good, and the conifer forest CF was better than another one MG after 30 years vegetation recovery.