Concerns are growing about economic and socio-institutional sustainability of greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) in China with its rapid development. The economic and socio-institutional aspects were assessed in greenhouse vegetable production system in Nanjing based on a household survey and their established indicators. The results revealed a decrease trend of yield for most of vegetables, a lower income for vegetable producers in view of their heavy economic burden and few subsidies from the government. As for socio- institutional aspects, ineffective agricultural input management, limited control of the greenhouse vegetable quality and low efficiency of the agricultural extension services were also found. Finally, some recommendations were also outlined for the promotion of sustainable GVP.