Plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of soil textures (sand, loam and clay) on the straw decomposition using litter bag method and the microbial components using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) method at Fengqiu Ecological Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results showed that the decomposition rate of straw was not significantly affected by the soil texture. Total C content of the residual straw was similar to the original straw, indicating that total C content of straw scaled down during the decomposition. N and P contents the residual straw increased significantly, especially in the loam and clay soils. Total K content of wheat and maize straw was significantly lower than original straw in all soil textures, and the release rate was as high as 99% and 97% after six months, respectively. PLFA analysis showed no significant differences in bacteria PLFA, fungi PLFA and the total PLFA among the three soil textures, which may be attributed to the similar decomposition rate of straw in three soil textures. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that microbes participating in wheat and maize straw decomposition were different in gram-positive bacteria (14:0, i14:0, 3OH-16:0, i17:0), gram-negative bacteria (cy17:0), and actinomycetes (10Me18:0).