太湖地区高产高效措施下水稻氮淋溶和径流损失的研究
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S143.1; S153.5

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农业部公益性行业科研专项(201003014)和国家重点基础研究发展计划(973 计划)项目(2013CB127400)资助。


Study on N Leaching and Runoff Under Integrated High Yield and High Efficiency Practices in Paddy Fields of Taihu Lake Region
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    摘要:

    在太湖地区,采用田间小区试验,研究了高产高效措施对水稻季氮素淋溶和径流损失的影响。结果发现,水稻季总氮(TN)和可溶性有机氮(DON)淋溶随土壤深度的增加而降低,不同深度下氮淋溶形态不同。60 cm处DON浓度要高于硝氮(NO3--N)和铵氮(NH4+-N),占TN的40.5% ~ 58.9%;80 cm处NO3--N的浓度要高于DON和NH4+-N,占TN的52.3% ~ 60.7%。相比当地常规处理,高产高效处理的NO3--N淋溶减少了51.7% ~ 54.7%,仅占施肥的0.5% ~ 0.9%。在氮的径流损失中,NH4+-N占TN的48.1% ~ 56.4%,而NO3--N占TN的36% ~ 53%。试验中氮素通过径流途径的损失量很低,仅占施肥的0.34% ~ 0.59%。高产高效处理的氮淋溶和径流损失之和分别为10.59 kg/hm2和10.18 kg/hm2,低于常规处理(13.41 kg/hm2)。除此之外,高产高效措施的作物产量(11.14 ~ 12.22 t/hm2)和农学利用率(11.8 ~ 12.5 kg/kg)均显著高于当地常规处理。水稻收获后,高产高效处理的土壤TN相比常规处理提高了6.8% ~ 8.1%,有机质含量提高了8.6% ~ 9.2%。综上,高产高效措施不仅有利于作物产量和氮素利用率的提高,还削弱了氮在土-水界面的迁移,是作物增产且环境友好型的有效措施。

    Abstract:

    The influences of integrated practices for high yield and high efficiency on nitrogen (N) leaching and runoff under rice-wheat rotation system were studied with field plot experiment in the Taihu Lake Region. It was found that the leaching of total nitrogen (TN) and organic N (DON) declined with the increase of soil depth and the forms of N leaching changed with soil depth. DON in the percolation water in 60 cm depth, which accounting for 40.5%-58.9% of TN, was higher than NO3--N and NH4+-N. NO3--N in the percolation water in 80 cm was higher than DON and NH4+-N and accounted for 51.7%-54.7% of TN. NH4+-N loss was the main form of N runoff, and accounted for 48.1%-56.4% of TN. However, N losses via runoff were indistinctive, only accounting for 0.3%-0.6% of fertilizer application. The total loss of N leaching and runoff in the high yield an high efficiency treatments were 10.59 and 10.18 kg/hm2, which were lower than in the current treatment with a value of 13.41 kg/hm2. The rice yield in high yield and high efficiency treatments was 11.14-12.22 t/hm2, and the agronomic efficiency reached 11.8-12.5 kg/kg, which were significantly higher than those of the traditional treatment. After harvest, soil TN content increased by 6.8%-8.1% and soil organic matter by 8.6%-9.2% in high yield and high efficiency treatments compared to traditional treatment. In short, high yield and high efficiency practices can increase crop yield and N use efficiency, weaken the migration of N through water to soil and thus is beneficial to both crop yield and environment.

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张 敏,赵 淼,田玉华,尹 斌,朱兆良.太湖地区高产高效措施下水稻氮淋溶和径流损失的研究[J].土壤,2018,50(1):35-42. ZHANG Min, ZHAO Miao, TIAN Yuhua, YIN Bin, ZHU Zhaoliang. Study on N Leaching and Runoff Under Integrated High Yield and High Efficiency Practices in Paddy Fields of Taihu Lake Region[J]. Soils,2018,50(1):35-42

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历史
  • 收稿日期:2016-12-09
  • 最后修改日期:2017-06-02
  • 录用日期:2017-06-09
  • 在线发布日期: 2018-02-06
  • 出版日期: 2018-02-25