Potential ecological risk exists in local area due to the ecological vulnerability and the absoluteness of unused land reclamation in agricultural development process in Tarim River Basin. This paper selected Tarim River Basin as the study area, and assessed soil, water environment and social ecological risks resulted from unused land reclamation by using the methods of AHP and ecological risk index. The following conclusions were obtained by response analysis and the cumulation of risk sources at county scale: 1) Ecological risk is higher in Baicheng, Akesu, Wushi, Kashi and Alar, while is lower mainly in the belts of Ruoqiang-Qiemo, Atushi-Wuqia, Pishan, Yengisar-Shache. 2) Soil ecological risk is higher in the critical zones of Xinhe, Moyu and Luopu, water ecological risk is higher in the boundary between Xinhe and Kuche, ecological risk value was 0.043 2, and social ecological risk is higher in the boundary between the northeast of Luntai and Yanqi, the boundary between Awati and Wensu, and the boundary between the southwest of Atux and Kashi.