In arid and semi-arid area of Eastern Junggar Basin, wind erosion is the key factor of desertification, and this paper studied ¹³⁷Cs distribution characteristics and wind erosion of different land use types were studied in this study by field investigation and soil sampling analysis. The results showed: the distribution characteristics of ¹³⁷Cs were different among the profiles of different land use types, ¹³⁷Cs mainly distributed in 0–20 cm depth or shallower, ¹³⁷Cs activity values varied from 0.40 to 65.50 Bq/kg; ¹³⁷Cs content varied from 0 to 1 698.29 Bq/m² with the background value of 1 698.29 Bq/m², while the ¹³⁷Cs inventory of different land types was in the order of lower-flat meadows (background) >nebkhas>desert grassland> gravel gobi> saline-alkali land > cultivated land > fixed sandy land > semi-fixed sandy land >wind erosion bare; The estimated mean wind erosion rates of cultivated land and non-cultivated land were 744.50 t/(km²·a) for cultivated land and 945.06 ~ 4 404.01 t/(km²·a) for non-cultivated land with a mean value of 2 589.96 t/(km²·a).