It is important for constructing and maintaining a healthy soil ecosystem to explore microbial community composition and structure in strawberry rhizosphere soil. Strawberry rhizosphere soils in different places were collected and used as study targets, the 16S rRNA genes of V4+V5 regions of soil bacteria and of ITS1+ITS2 regions of soil fungi were sequenced and analyzed by Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology on MiSeq platform combined with related bioinformatics analysis to explore the changes of abundances, diversities and structures of soil bacteria and fungi. Results showed that a total of 4 554 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 1 298 fungal OTUs were obtained from 15 strawberry rhizosphere soil samples. At phylum level, dominant bacteria were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi, dominant fungi were Ascomycota, Zygomycota and Basidiomycota. At genera level, there were 16 genera of dominant bacteria and 8 genera of dominant fungi. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that total nitrogen and pH had the greatest effect on soil microbial community structure, explaining 61% of the community changes. The order of contribution rate was total nitrogen > pH > available phosphorus > total potassium > total phosphorus > organic matter > available potassium > alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen. Correlation analysis also showed that soil physiochemical characteristics were significantly correlated with different dominant microbial community. This study deepens the understanding on microbial community in strawberry rhizosphere and provides references for the relation between microbial composition and diversity with environmental factors.