Both aluminum (Al) toxicity and phosphorus (P) deficiency are limiting factors of crop production on acid soil. In the present study, The correlation between P-use efficiency and Al tolerance in five japonica and five indica rice varieties was investigated. Aluminum tolerance of japonica varieties was significantly higher than those of indica varieties. The shoot dry weight of Al-resistant varieties increased signi?cantly after P application in acid soil, but that of Al-sensitive varieties did not respond to P application. This difference in P-increased growth is probably due to Al-damaged root structure and function in Al-sensitive varieties, resulting in decreased uptake and utilization of nutrients from soil. We found that P-use ef?ciency was negatively correlated to Al tolerance, while P-uptake ability was positively correlated with Al tolerance. Furthermore, japonica varieties had a higher shoot P concentration and P-uptake ability compared with indica varieties, but had a lower P-use efficiency. These results provided a valuable insight into screening rice varieties with high Al tolerance and P-use efficiency in acid soils.