Taking the coal gangue mountain in Shengxiong coal mining of Qinghai and the surrounding alpine wetland as the study objects, the responses of vegetation and soil characteristics of the wetland to gangue accumulation were studied and analyzed through ground investigation and sampling comparison in this paper. The results showed that the 4 a coal gangue accumulation had certain influences on the vegetation and soil of the wetland with different distances (300, 650, 1 000 m), which decreased the coverage and height of native sedge and decreased the height of herbage near gangue mountain, the average height of herbage in the middle distance was 2.65 cm higher than that in the short distance. Coal gangue accumulation increased the bulk density and the contents of total nitrogen and organic matter of surrounding soil, average contents of total nitrogen and organic matter in the far distance were 1.16 and 1.20 times of those in the short distance in 0-10 cm soil, respectively. The quantities of soil fungi and actinomycetes in wetland decreased, the quantity of soil fungi in the short distance was only 51.8% of that in the middle distance in 0-10 cm soil, the quantity of soil actinomycetes in the middle distance was 4.32 and 3.4 times of those in the short and far distances, respectively. Except for Zn, coal gangue accumulation did not significantly affect the contents of other heavy metals in surrounding soil. The analysis of random forest algorithm showed that herbage height, Zn content, soil bulk density, sedge coverage and organic matter content were the main factors of coal gangue accumulation which affect the surrounding alpine wetland.