A 30 a (1984—2013) long-term location experiment was conducted to study the effects of the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield, nitrogen uptakes and use efficiency of double-cropping rice in red soil area of Jiangxi in south China in order to provide scientific references for the rational application of organic resources and the suitable rice fertilization. Five different treatments were designed : 1) CK, no nitrogen fertilization; 2) 100% NPK, N, P and K chemical fertilizers only; 3) 70F+30M, 70% chemical fertilizers and 30% organic manure; 4) 50F+50M, 50% chemical fertilizers and 50% organic manure, and 5) 30F+70M, 30% chemical fertilizers and 70% organic manure. The results showed that rice yield under the treatments combined with organic manure were 2.74%-5.73% (P＜0.05) higher than NPK treatment. Rice yield under 30F+70M treatment was the highest. Significant differences were found between the treatments combined with organic manure, rice yield under 30F+70M treatment significantly increased by 3.7% (P<0.05) than 50F+50M treatment, and the yield-increasing effects were different in different period, lower proportion of organic manure was better at the early stage while high proportion of organic manure was better at the late stage. No significant difference was found in mean nitrogen uptake by rice between treatments combined with organic manure and NPK treatment. Different treatments had different nitrogen requirements for grain yield per 1 t, which were 20.57-20.94 kg for treatments combined with organic manure and 21.77 kg for NPK treatment. 30F+70M and 70F+30M treatments had higher nitrogen efficiency, no significance was found in average nitrogen use efficiency between treatments combined with organic manure and NPK treatment, but nitrogen physiological use efficiency of treatments combined with organic manure was significantly higher than NPK treatment. In red soil area, long-term combined application of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers can promote yield and nitrogen efficiency for double-cropping rice, but the optimal combined proportion of organic fertilizer should be determined according to the fertility of rice fields, usually, 30% was appropriate for rice fields with middle or low fertility, while 50% and 70% for rice fields with high fertility.