This study is to clarify soil quality status of rice-wheat rotation regions in Jiangsu Province based on the data of 10 681 soil-measuring formula fertilization samples from the rice-wheat rotation regions of Jiangsu Province during 2008—2015. The minimum data set (MDS) of rice-wheat rotation region in Jiangsu Province was screened by correlation and principal component analysis, and then soil quality was evaluated. The results showed that based on rice yield analysis, the minimum data set of rice-wheat rotation region in Jiangsu Province included organic matter, available phosphorus, available potassium, available iron and available boron. The variation range of soil quality index based on the minimum data set (SQI-MDS) was between 0.136 and 1.000 (mean 0.674), the average value was in the "good II" grade, and was a very significant positive correlation (R² = 0.720) with soil quality index based on the full data set (SQI-TDS). It showed that the minimum data set could better replace the full data set. There was spatial heterogeneity in soil quality of rice-wheat rotation regions in Jiangsu Province, the highest soil quality was in the Lixiahe agricultural area, followed by the Taihu agricultural area, and the Ningzhenyang, Riverside, coastal and Xuhuai agricultural areas. There were differences in the minimum data sets of the six major agricultural regions in Jiangsu Province, which indicated that there were differences in the main limiting factors in different agricultural regions. On the whole, organic matter, potassium and trace elements are the main limiting factors for the six major agricultural regions in Jiangsu Province.