Maize yield in Xinjiang has reached a high level based on large-amount application of chemical fertilizers. It can provide a scientific basis for a new fertilization mode reducing fertilizer application and agricultural cost and improving nutrient efficiency in the arid region of northern Xinjiang to study the effects of chemical fertilizer partially substituted by organic materials on the nutrient uptake and yield of drip-irrigated maize. A field experiment was conducted to compare the differences in nutrient uptake, nitrogen efficiency and maize yield among no N fertilizer treatment, single chemical fertilizer treatment, bio-organic fertilizer substituting 8%, 16%, 24% chemical fertilizer treatments and bio-organic fertilizer, cow manure, sheep manure, corn straw substituting 16% chemical fertilizer treatments. The results showed that chemical fertilizer partially substituted by organic materials increased the post-anthesis accumulation ratio of maize dry matter by 3.23%-11.81% and increased the absorption ratios of nitrogen and potassium by 19.45% and 15.44%, respectively, and increased maize yield by 8.50%-21.00% compared with single chemical fertilizer treatment. Under the treatments of chemical fertilizer partially substituted by organic materials, the apparent utilization rate, partial productivity, physiological utilization rate and contribution rate of total nitrogen increased by 12.04%, 9.36%, 29.64% and 12.63%, respectively, and the maximum benefit increased by 65.08% compared with single chemical fertilizer treatment. Replacing 8% chemical fertilizer with bio-organic fertilizer or replacing 16% chemical fertilizer with cow or sheep manure is the recommended in a short period in this stduy.