Thiamethoxam is one of the most widely sold new nicotine pesticides in the world. With the widespread use of thiamethoxam in agricultural production, the problems of migration, transformation and the eventual fate of thiamethoxam in soil environment have become a research hotspot. In this paper, the environmental behavior of thiamethoxam in agricultural soils, such as residue, degradation, adsorption, migration and leaching, and the main influencing factors were summarized, the effects of thiamethoxam on soil microorganisms and soil animals (earthworms, ants, etc.) were systematically reviewed. In view of the deficiency of the study on the environmental behavior of thiamethoxam in agricultural soil, the key points and directions that should be concerned in the future research are proposed. this review can provide scientific basis for the safe use of thiamethoxam and the health of agricultural soil ecosystem.