In this study, uncultivated soil was taken as the control (TR0), and then the differences in soil physiochemical characteristics, enzyme activities and microbial community abundances were compared between TR0 and continuous-cropping pineapple for 5 and 15 years (TR5 and TR15). The results indicated that, compared with TR0, TR5 and TR15 decreased soil pH by 0.39 and 0.57 unites, respectively, showing obvious acidification. TR5 and TR15 significantly increased the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and available phosphorus, increased the contents of available boron and sodium, while decreased the contents of available potassium and exchangeable calcium and magnesium. TR5 and TR15 increased the content of microbial biomass corbon by 1.74 and 1.71 times, respectively; increased the content of microbial biomass nitrogen by 56.01% and 72.96%, respectively; but neither significant difference was observed. TR5 significantly increased the activity of soil acid phosphatase by 1.60 times, increased the abundances of soil bacteria and fungi by 1.56 and 26.54 times, respectively; while decreased that of actinomyces by 35.39%. TR15 decreased the activity of catalase by 52.63% and the abundances of bacteria and actinomyces by 37.18% and 13.78%, respectively; while increased that of fungi by 40.74 times.