Based on 4 362 topsoil samples (0-20 cm) collected in the croplands, geostatistical methods, variance analysis and regression analysis were used to evaluate the spatial distribution characteristics of soil pH and its influencing factors in the Sichuan Basin, China. The results show that soil pH in the study area is ranged from 3.53 to 8.76, with an average of 6.54, mainly from slightly acidic to neutral; the coefficient of variation is 18.89%, suggesting moderate spatial variability. The semi-variogram analysis shows that the exponential model is the best fitting model for soil pH variation and the ratio of nugget to sill is 49.97%, which suggest that soil pH has moderate spatial dependence and its spatial distribution is determined by structural and random factors. Overall, soil pH shows a trend of high in the north and the west, low in the south and the east, and high in the middle and low in the surrounding area. Soil type, precipitation, topographical factors and cultivated land use pattern have significant impacts on the spatial variation of soil pH. Specifically, soil type and precipitation are the main controlling factors for the spatial variation of soil pH which can explanate 14.6% and 11.6% of soil pH variability respectively.