In order to explore soil microbial community construction processes in wheat field at local-scale, soil samples were collected from wheat fields in Jiyuan City, Henan Province, and high-throughput sequencing technology was used to study soil bacterial community structure, community construction process and its influencing factors. The results showed that:1) The dominant phyla were Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria in soil bacterial community. Mantel test and redundancy analysis found that organic matter and total nitrogen had significant effects on bacterial community structure (P<0.05). 2) The different bacterial groups in the bacterial molecular ecological network were dominated by cooperative relationship. The key species were from Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria. 3) Bacterial communities were clustered phylogenetically, and organic matter and available phosphorus had significant effects on bacterial community phylogeny (P<0.05). 4) The contribution rates of deterministic process and stochastic process in bacterial community construction were 74.59% and 25.41%, respectively. 5) Mantel test found that the βNTI value was significantly positively correlated with the changes of organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents (P<0.05). The increases in the differences of organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents led to the transformation of bacterial communities from homogeneous selection and homogeneous diffusion to heterogeneous selection. Conclusively, this study found that deterministic processes dominated the construction of soil bacterial communities in local-scale wheat fields, and organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were the key environmental factors affecting bacterial community construction. Organic matter and total nitrogen also had significant effects on bacterial community structure. This study contributes to the understanding of the formation mechanism of soil microbial diversity in wheat field ecosystems at the local scale.