Based on the data from 1:250 000 multi-purpose regional geochemical survey in 2004 and 2018 and from the survey of soil carbon sink change in farmland in Luoyang City in 2022, this paper systematically analyzed farmland molybdenum (Mo) geochemical characteristics, spatiotemporal distribution, variation and its driving factors, explored the mutual influences among various soil elements by using two indicators of average annual increase rate and amplitude. The results showed that, the average Mo content was 1.09 mg/kg, which was higher than the average values of soil Mo in Henan Province and China, showing the enrichment characteristic. Mo content was high in the south but low in the north. In recent 20 years, the maximum annual increase and loss rates of Mo content at the same sampling site reached 1.467 mg/(kg·a) and 0.083 mg/(kg·a), respectively, the average annual growth rate was 0.040 mg/(kg·a), which was accelerated significantly. The spatiotemporal variation of Mo content was significantly influenced by geographical factors and human activities, the closer the distance from Mo mining area, the greater soil Mo content and its growth rate. Mo content was decreased year by year in agricultural planting areas.