Effective conservation and utilization of black soil resources is an inevitable requirement for ensuring global food security and realizing sustainable agricultural development. This paper took the black soil resources of China and Argentina as the research objects, compared and analyzed the distribution of black soil, the degradation of black soil, the agricultural utilization of land use, agrochemicals, and agricultural mechanization in the two countries, systematically sorted out the relevant technical models and management policies of black soil conservation and utilization in the two countries, and put forward the prospect of black soil conservation and sustainable utilization. Both China and Argentina have adopted conservation tillage practices in the protection and utilization of black soils, actively engaged in agricultural science and technology innovation and have achieved notable progresses. China focuses on the integration and application of a variety of conservation tillage techniques, such as less-till, no-till and straw mulching, and has introduced a series of laws and regulations on black soil conservation. While Argentina combines no-tillage with straw mulching and diversified crop rotations to promote the implementation sustainable practices. The two countries have their own characteristics, which provide multiple reference examples for global black soil conservation and sustainable utilization. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen international exchanges and cooperation in the conservation and utilization of black soil between the two countries and even the world, strengthen the construction of technology research and development and application system, increase scientific and technological innovation and policy support, realize the complementary advantages of black soil conservation in different countries and regions, and promote and realize the conservation and sustainable utilization of global black soil resources.