Based on an open-air field climate change platform, which included ambient conditions as the control (CK), elevated CO₂ concentration (CE), air warming (WA), and CO₂ enrichment plus air warming (CW), we determined the changes in soil organic carbon and microbial abundance in rice soil aggregates. The results showed that: 1) Compared to the CK, CE treatment significantly increased the soil water stable large aggregates (R_0.25), average weight diameter (MWD), and the geometric average diameter (GMD), whereas the MWD and GMD had no significant changes under WA or CW treatment. 2) The contribution rate of soil organic carbon in soil follows the pattern that small micro-aggregates (SMA)> large macro-aggregates (LMA)> silt-clay fraction (SC)> micro-aggregates (MA). The content of soil organic carbon in SC fraction (<0.053 mm) is significantly lower than that in other aggregate fractions. Compared to the CK, CE treatment significantly increased the soil organic carbon in LMA and SMA, but WA had no change in soil organic carbon in each particle size aggregate. 3) The abundance of bacteria in >2 mm and <0.25 mm aggregates increased significantly under CE when compared to the CK, while those in <0.25 mm aggregates were increased significantly in WA and CW treatments. The fungi was dominated in >2 mm aggregates. The abundance of fungi in each particle size aggregates increased significantly under CE when compared to the CK, WA and CW treatments significantly increased the abundance of fungi in >2 mm and <2 mm aggregates, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the abundances of bacteria and fungi in soil aggregates was positively related to the average weight diameter, and the abundance of fungi in soil aggregates was positively related to the soil organic carbon. These results suggested that soil organic carbon and microbial abundance were influenced by the interaction of climate change and soil aggregates, and the responses of the soil organic carbon and microbial abundance to elevated CO₂ were much more sensitive than warming.